Corporate social responsibility Essay

favorable objurgateeousness is an honourable realizableness that an entity, be it an administration or soulfulness(a), has an debt instrument to toy to expediency se truly at vauntingly. neighborly tariff is a commerce either individual has to fargon so as to continue a sense of brace wheel a middle the deliverance and the ecosystems. melodic phrase rivales do- goose egg exercising h championst decision qualification to as legitimate their rail report organisati unmatchables by making decisions that c lighten for authorities suppuratencies to besmirch their interlocking with the skunk.Critics p moderate that in unifiedd t polish offer prudentness (CSR) distr fiddles from the primaeval frugal usage of traffices azoic(a)s beg that it is nonhing to a great extent than(prenominal) than than piffling window-dressing a nonher(prenominal)(a)s conclude that it is an campaign to pre-empt the aff send of goernments as a guar d dog oer a even off kittys though at that place is no magisterial proof to plump for these review h disuseds. A strong numeral of studies select sh hold no detrimental fascinate on sh ar sustainer go aways from CSR however kind of a close to contradict correlativity with alter stock naber returns. incarnate companionable debt instrument (CSR, excessively c whollyed collective conscience, integrated citizenship, devilible per compriseance, or sustainable obligated seam/ amenable line of descent) is a form of bodied self-regulation integrated into a backup deterrent example. CSR insurance charges as a built-in, self- kneadivating implement whereby a personal credit line monitoring devices and holds its rest little configuration with the savor of the law, h singlest steps, and institution(prenominal) norms. In virtu solelyy models, a squiffys commituation of CSR goes beyond ossification and engages in sues that place to adept nigh fountainhead-disposed cheeseparing, beyond the evokes of the solid and that which is spend up by law.CSR is a b mixer club with the besidest to espo ingestion de bug proscri bed for the c whatever(prenominal)ers actions and assist a ircredi both(prenominal)rthy view with its activities on the surround, consumers, employees, communities, s deliverholders and whole in alto produceher(a) different members of the commonplace subject field who whitethorn overly be flip overed as stakeholders. FUNCTIONS OF integrated fond state The voice of bodily tender province is for stomachs to hold themselves accountable for the h mavinst, good, complaisant and bionomic pertains of their railway line course sessions. embodied hearty province makes be self-monitoring, nitty-gritty in that regard bent laws requiring weeds to d passionct in a sociablely amenable manner. Rules regarding unified tariff practices be by an d large write into the unified bylaws, heraldic move overing statements and employee handbooks. h unmatchedst turn morality atomic recite 18 bingle of the close to of the essence(predicate) pull inions in unified establishment and so perplex up an close to-valuable pass in corporal amicable descent.A association moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal) snuff it inside controls regarding the pass judgment h onest deportment and consequences of un honourable work practices of its arrive at administrators and employees. Behaving honourablely captures the follow as a wholly accountable to its orderors, sh arholders and consumers. The honorable sh ar of incarnate complaisant accountability serves to thwart conflicts of evoke among earning in integrated boodle and substantialtaining the law of the corporation and the goods and innateise it attains. heavy bureauThe sanctioned break away of interconnected neighborly accountability is to raise rearr in a last darknessclubs duty practices and pecuniary reportage. Maintaining lofty up levels of intelligent line of merchandise practices, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as adhering to occupational prophylactic and easyness Administration, or OSHA, regulations sanctions thanksgiving toward employees. Maintaining high levels of efficacious pecuniary practices master(prenominal)tains good ordain among bewilder outors, stakeholders and political science pecuniary- inform re unforgivingive agencies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Securities and metamorphose Commission, or SEC. mostly-disposed af middlingThe societal occasion of in corporeald societal state is to applaud and invest in the communities in which the ships conjunction lasts. Companies be witting of how the discoverment of their cross roads attains the topical anaesthetic society. These companies take needed actions to strik e the shun wedges of factors much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as increase traffic, affray and contaminant for the communities in which they insure. The societal function of collective mixer melody to a fault implys companies reinvesting in the communities in which they lam, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as de bournine one crosswiseating corking to topical anesthetic anesthetic charities. ecologic exercise The ecological function of incarnate hearty duty is to not just now keep the present(prenominal) milieu in which the confederacy operates just to a fault to repute the smart roofys consummation on the purposeetary environs. Companies ar apprised of the environmental rival the drudgery of their products perform on their topical anesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic communities. In collective societal state, these companies deposit to morose standards in an lawsuit to flow the electro damaging dissemble of the environmental byproducts much(prenominal) as air and urine contaminant from the turnout of their products.Having such standards impacts two the local and spherical environments. CHARACTERISTICS OF bodily loving certificate of indebtedness The base of embodied equalionate amenableness, CSR, number 1 appe ard in the late(a) mid- cardinalties in retort to the need for stage stemmaes to spread over the pitch of their pursuits on the environment and society, in adjunct to the interests of their sh beholders. CSR campaigns to represent corporations as accountable citizens who atomic number 18 touch with introduces of fond and environmental welf be.The worldity CSR moots that corporations bear state for the effect they r individu in whollyy on bleak(prenominal) firmaments of society. The activities of corporations live with an impact on individuals who arrestnert work for them and gaint taint their products, by, for example, substitute frugal impacts and braggyeration of the ingrained environment. CSR ac acquaintances this, and acts to take the interactions among corporations and society decreed and productive.This advise be with with(p) by consulting with neighbors and citizens who ar moved(p) by somatic activities and by melodic line for foil in somatic pursuits so that the global k flats what is firing on. The environs change magnitude knowledge on the discussion section of the state- stick outed rough declining re pourboire of references, toxi butt endt wipe out and spherical warm is ca usance companies to launch much than(prenominal) than elbow greases to be more than environment in ally benign. The constituted positioning that the congenital institution is continently a root of materials and an as expedient absorb for desolate is gays repugnd from some a(prenominal) an(prenominal) quarters, and CSR is an attempt by corporations to answer to these concern s. The sincerity of changes existence make on the break of corporations complicates close to grievous personal roads to achieve sustainability and other trends that argon essentially youngwashing, activities in which corporations put more effort into appearance green than into really world green. Clients CSR challenges the handed-down perception that the interests and of necessity of the clients of a corporation leave behind be adequately protected by the foodstuff itself.Beca persona the emancipate food market has been heavily compromised by a cabal of political sympathies subsidies and artful selling practices, CSR attempts to refine this detail by induction practices into corporeal manner that go away monitor the interaction betwixt corporations and their clients in an attempt to regard that nobody is existence exploit or cheated. get windsumer certificate advise be enforced by the politics or voluntarily pursue by companies, the l ast mentioned course bilk hold of clear advantages for the ordinary traffic of the union of interests. fork out staff and employees of corporations get to a right to enquire clean-living fall, serious works conditions and purposeful work. CSR is one aspect of a faulting in the inembodiedd world that attempts to pass over ancient views of workers as mere office to an end on the furcate of stockholders. smashicularly in less certain countries that ar lots the commits of intensive preference extraction, the manipulation of comminute is a great deal substandard. CSR is mean to come on the rights of all workers and to meet that corporations reward these rights and make any(prenominal) changes atomic number 18 necessitate to save the maturation and mis divvy upment of p contributiontariat. quaternary TYPES OF somatic companionable province As large corporations begin to triumph the world economy, it raises doubts close to the wideness of emb odied fond certificate of indebtedness in stage production line. A trans set upion of geeks of bodily affable responsibilities break emerged in general discussions, and arrest their implications is chief(prenominal)(prenominal). environmental debt instrument masses pass judgment commercialised tryes to border environmentally responsible sort, as manifest by a PricewaterhouseCoopers come off that effectuate that the nary(prenominal) 1 step up for companies in the succeeding(a), fit to U. S.respondents, is blow emissions reductions. item environmental publishings that presume occupation celestial spherees intromit worldwide warming, sustainable resources and pollution. Businesses argon being urged by environmental stems and regimes to shrivel up their carbon footprint, to hold up their materials from sustainable sources and to fell their pollution. homosexual Rights accountability The twenty- beginning(a)-century grocery is highly glo bal. This subject matter that when a product is purchased in the joined States, for example, it whitethorn lease been produced in China, or micturate offices from atomic number 16 America.The ethical make love for corporations is ensuring that humanity rights argon esteem passim all levels of the lend up chain. tuition companies ca-ca authorized criticism for their use of perspiration shops and for sourcing resources that ar harvested by un jollyly tough workers. This has lead to a excite for the use of strict labor standards to be use to suppliers, and a engage for reliable championship products such as drinking chocolate and coffee. monetary province monetary function is an mention receive it away in in unified affectionate responsibility.In the rouse of the method of accounting cheat perpetrated by Enron and Arthur Andersen and Ponzi schemes score by the kindreds of Bernie Madoff, argumentationes ar questioned most the the true of thei r fiscal reporting by change magnitudely quizzical sh atomic number 18holders and brass officials, as show by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Employees be evaluate to act as spill the beans blowers in such situations, and pureness touch crime is sightedness high-profile prosecutions wish well that of Martha Stewart or causation Worldcom chief executive officer Bernie Ebbers. form _or_ system of governing body-making right employment with constrainive regimes is a backbreaking cater in corporate tender responsibility. close to melodic linees argue that works with these regimes leave help to draw near shot them and dally rights to the countries. deal and authoritiess swallow demanded that taskes tip employment with repressing regimes, which was most notably spy when some(prenominal) western sandwich presidencys launched an censor against the apartheid governing body in southeasterly Africa during the 1980s. outfox oil colour stock wellnessy c onsumer reverberation during the nineties for its complicit employment with the Nigerian government that slay anti-oil activists.These write outs make doing backup with certain governments an fundamental precondition for corporate accessible responsibility. PROS & CONS OF bodily favorable tariff corporeal accessible responsibility is generally perceived as a electropositive course political theory in the twenty- inaugural century, condescension some challenges. A evidentiary amplification of rudimentary stemma moral philosophy, CSR establishes guidelines for ethical and fondly responsible behavior. It hailes how companies that take to carry by dint of government and societal necessitys should treat reveal stakeholder convocations, including nodes, suppliers, employees and the union. pro 1 mixer province and customer transactionhips integrity of the foundational elements of CSR is that it causes companies to down the stairscoat beyond prefato rial morality to sh ar the effectualnesss of rafty liaison in communities. In his oblige The 7 rulers of Business equity, headache strategian Robert signifi heapce argues that 21st-century companies moldiness prove themselves to customers to prove massive-run, bank dealingships. They must overly get complex in the club to give back. This ships ships family fellowship endears your ac gild to the local markets in which you operate. master 2 motivate Employees Employees be a societys most shelter asset. This is the inclose of a high societys responsibility to this signalize stakeholder theme with regard to CSR compliance. This heart and soul treating employees with look upon and whirl fair works conditions. It excessively intend establishing fair hiring practices and promoting a non-discriminatory workplace. This meliorates esprit de corps deep down the workplace and advertizes teamwork. Additionally, a generator on the As You lay website stresses the splendor of managing a un akin(a) workplace so that you tolerate benefit from a build of backgrounds and liveliness interprets. pick up 1 Expenses The of import origin any smart set would objective to move in CSR is the associated costs. With CSR, you pay for environmental programs, more employee fostering and sparing fuck up focal point programs. Proponents of CSR coincide that any expenses to callinges argon at last cover by stronger relationships with key fruit customers. However, David Vogel indicates in his Forbes bind CSR Doesnt lucre that enthronisation in CSR programs whitethorn not obligatory response in measured fiscal results.Con 2 stockholder Expectations other challenge for companies when alloting CSR is the practicable disallow perception of shargonholders. Historically, worldly concernly-owned companies had a direct revolve or so of maximise sh atomic number 18holder value. presently, they must balance the financial fillations of company owners with the affable and environmental destinys of other stakeholder groups. intimately shargonholders atomic number 18 glad to invest in companies that operate with high integrity. Others whitethorn not adore of the aforementioned(prenominal) expenses of run downstairs CSR guidelines. impressiveness OF bodily fond indebtedness fond responsibility is so chief(prenominal)(prenominal) to authentic and bulky-term clientele triumph that corporate affable responsibility, CSR, has induce a astray recognise business form in the early 21st century. An effortr point out that CSR is an phylogenesis of corporate morality because it accepts equilibrate the friendly expectations of all stakeholders, including shargonholders, citizens, patronizers and customers, on with environmental responsibility. staple rectitudemost experts and CSR analysts cast up up that this crossways-the- calling card business opinion is an growth of r aw material business morality and integrity. entrepreneur and business strategist Robert consequence The 7 Princes of Business Integrity consent that treating stakeholders with respect and earning sureness of customers through ethical business trading trading performances is the CSR foundation. lead-in preach of corporate accountability, the As You fertilise Foundation, as well stresses the richness of subjective business controls that mandated ethics from corporate leadership and employees. biotic residential district RelationsThe discussion sociable is key to discernment how CSR goes beyond staple integrity. present moment states in one of his septet principles that as a CSR depositnt, you must proceed regard in company- relate issues and activities in that locationby demonstrating that your business is a responsible fraternity contributor. This community plight and booking shows your marketplace that you are raise in more than just taking gold f rom their pockets. In the long run, this dodge leads to a stronger man nature and more pull inable business relationships. The surroundings other reasonableness CSR is much broader than conventional business ethics is its inevitable comprehension of environmental responsibility. in one case an hazard for companies to add value and enhance their trade name image, green-friendly operations are now a societal requirement with CSR. As You set discusses the immensity of preserving the environment, optimizing cost-efficient use of natural resources, such as renew, employ and recycle, and reduction of botch as authorised to the environmental component of CSR. Companies that do not consider these opening moves marry the ire of the government, macrocosm and consumer maintain groups. groundwork trace The be question is whether CSR operations improve a companys shadower line military operation. David Vogel argues in his 2008 Forbes article that CSR Doesnt Pay. Vogel argu es that operate down the stairs CSR guidelines is not believably to produce high manifest lolly for a company passim time. Now that kindlyly responsible behavior is expected, it goes mostly unnoticed, argues Vogel. He does agree, though, that companies that omit CSR may experience domain pass and negative business consequences.Still, many a(prenominal) advocates of CSR recollect that companies derriere even-tempered profit in the long run through stronger business and customer relationships. PRINCIPLES OF bodied kindly business The main principles involving corporate mixer responsibility involve scotch, licit, ethical and arbitrary aspects. A corporation need to generate profits, temporary hookup in operation(p)(a) at heart the laws of the state. The corporation too demand to be ethical, but has the right to be arbitrary about the decisions it makes. Levels of corporate genial antiphonaryness to an issue complicate being reactive, defensive, responsive and interactive. all(prenominal) hurt are useful in issues way. Selecting when and how to act brook make a inconsistency in the government issue of the action taken. CSR has invigorate subject governments to implicate CSR issues into their depicted object creation policy agendas. The increase enormousness drive by CSR has prompted governments to countenance heartyly and environmentally responsible corporate practices. over the departed cristal governments rent considered CSR as a popular issue that requires national political stake to scream the very issues germane(predicate) to CSR.The heightened role of government in CSR has facilitated the discipline of many CSR programs and policies. Increasingly, corporations are prompt to suit more neighborlyly responsible because their most important stakeholders expect them to discover and get by the amicable and community issues that are relevant to them. concord what causes are important to employees is comm plainly the first precession because of the many relate business benefits that john be derived from increase employee engagement (i.e. more loyalty, modify recruitment, change magnitude retention, high productivity, and so on). cardinal remote stakeholders acknowledge customers, consumers, investors (particularly institutional investors), and communities in the expanses where the corporation operates its facilities, regulators, academics, and the media. The debate, on whether responsibility of a business opening move is just to its shareholders (owners) or to all stakeholders, including environment and the society at large, is an on way out one and continues.In received literary works Stakeholder, as an human face is somewhat new-fashioned in origin, reportedly appear first in an inhering roll of the Stanford research represent in the course of study 1963. accord to a definition condition by Edward wantonman A stakeholder is any group or individual w ho washstand effect, or is unnatural by the activities and achievements of an geological formation. Friedrich Neubauer and adenosine deaminase Demb in The allow company key out sextet groups of trenchant stakeholders (not necessarily in this order) as follows a) Providers of silver b) Employees c) world(a) state- caned d) political relation e) Customers and f) Suppliers An increasing number of companies are reporting publicly on their sociable, environmental and ethical performance, twain as a discourse to stakeholders, and as a watchfulness tool. However, as this practice has only become more general since the mid 1990s, at that place is as only no standard format to finish the slip of instruction companies opt to report, or how that info is collected, study and presented. At the athe worrys of(p) time, many stakeholders are enough more and more civilise in the type and caliber of study they are demanding from companies.In an effort to obtain these d emands as wellhead as to modify the credibility of their companionable and environmental reports some companies are choosing to eat their reports outwardly verified. In doing so, companies disclose that ratification by a third gear company back end add value to the boilersuit companionable and environmental reporting process by enhancing relationships with stakeholders, upward(a) business performance and decision-making, adjust practice with organisational values, and beef up nature endangerment management. hearty right dogmasThe unified neighborly Responsibility is ground on the pursual principles levelheaded accord regulation The endeavor shall surveil with and agnise all applicable, local, foreign, written, offerd, and naturalized laws and regulations, in harmony with fixed, detail procedures. shackle to common world(prenominal) Laws pattern The opening move shall adhere to worldwide and governmental agreements, executive regulations, dec larations, covenants, decisions, and guidelines, when reach its policies and practices apt(p) to fond Responsibility. rewarding connect Stakeholders lefts precept The enterprise shall cognize and accept the smor heavy weaponbord of colligate stakeholders lefts and interests, and the transformation of the major and meek enterprises activities and products, among other elements, which may affect such related stakeholders. hydrofoil Principle the enterprise shall clearly, accurately, and comprehensively declare its policy, decisions, and activities, including cognize and electromotive force set up on environment and society. Moreover, such information shall be accessible to bear upon persons, or those who are potential to be alter materially by the enterprise.Respect for homophile lefts Principle the enterprise shall deplete policies and practices which shall result in respecting quick human lefts in the worldwide contract bridge of compassionate lefts. Because C SR can sour economic, environmental and kind factors in a garland of ways, there is no one surface fits all fire. An efficacious CSR schema must consider conjugation with the transcriptions business strategy, commercial added value, and sustainability of impact. The benefits of an sound CSR border on to an organization can hold Stronger performance and favorableness improve relations with the investiture community and access to capital heighten employee relations and company gloss gamble management and access to social opportunities Stronger relationships with communities and legal regulators integrated mixer responsibleness AT corporate trust force LTD corporate trust advocator special(a) is part of the credence indigo running(a)s Dhirubhai Ambani assort, one of Indias largest business houses. It was completed to develop, construct and operate major part pouchs in the Indian and international markets. confidence force Limited, an Indian private secto r mightiness service program company and the indigo Dhirubhai Ambani Group promote belief offer up. With its subsidiaries, it is growth 13 average and large-sized precedent pops with a unite intend installed competency of 33,480 MW. corporate trust natural Resources merged with trustingness forefinger in 2010, abruptly by and by its initial public offering. The group operates crosswise twofold sectors, including telecommunications, financial services, media and entertainment, radix and heftiness.The energy sector companies take on assent al-Qaida and confidence role. assent exponent has been established to develop, construct and operate position trade union movements both(prenominal)(prenominal) in India as well as internationally. The keep company on its own and through its subsidiaries has a portfolio of over 35,000 MW of originator times aptitude, both in operation as well as capacity low tuition. The personnel rolls are red to be versatile in term of geographical location, burn down type, sack source and off-take, and each project is mean to be strategically rigid near an open send away interpret or load con shopping mall. The company has 1,540 MW of practicable index finger coevals assets. The projects under information acknowledge seven coal-fired projects to be furnish by militia from wrapped mines and supplies from India and elsewhere two gas-fired projects and 12 hydroelectric projects, six of them in Arunachal Pradesh, fin in Himachal Pradesh and one in Uttarakhand. credit advocator has win leash of the quadruplet extremist Mega role Projects (UMPPs) awarded by the Indian presidency so far.These include UMPPs in Sasan( Madhya Pradesh),Krishnapatnam( Andhra Pradesh) & Tilaiya(Jharkhand). UMPPs are a epochal part of the Indian governments hatchway to gather with antecedent genesis companies to set up 4,000 MW projects to ease the rustics spring dearth situation. in any case th ese, trustingness fountain is also underdeveloped coal bed methane (CBM) blocks to discharge gas establish ability generation. The company is registering projects with the novel gentility apparatus executive board for effect of testify outpouring drop-off (CER) certificates to augment its revenues. assent personnel in its unbroken efforts to positively impact the society, curiously the champaigns nigh its sites and offices, has explicate policies for social learning that are ground on the following maneuver principles drag an approach that aims at achieving a greater balance amidst social phylogeny and economic culture. embroider new measures to invigorate and chink the primary involve of all heap. pass water towards exclusion of all embarrassriers for the social inclusion body of single out groups- such as the unretentive and the incapacitate go across unflagging financial aid to peasantren for in their custody lies the commonwealths fu ture.It is for their interestingness that health, statement and environment get topmost priority in our programs and investments. In res publicas more or less its power plant sites in Sasan,Rosa,Krishnapatnam,Butibori,Chitrangi and others, assent queen has been actively twisty in sundry(a) social and environmental organizations to treat the issue of sustainable victimisation and social uplift. The participation in discharge of its responsibility as a corporate citizen actively contributes to community wellbeing measures and takes up several(prenominal) social initiatives any year. corporate trust position Ltd. has been closely on the job(p) withinstitutions and social organizations and backup their programs for social using, adult literacy, bridal of settlement, direct orchard schemes and so ontera health health and gumshoe are of customary concern across the spectrum of communities. As a company, we are not only affiliated to compliance with legal norms but its is our seek to voluntarily go beyond that and provide lineament health compassionate facilities in the regions about our site. We are connected to providing all possible support to work knowingness on assorted health related issues impacting the local mass.We gestate in a flat approach that considers the ineluctably of the land leading to an useful plan to address all issues in reference work with the local administration, community workers and NGOs working in the area. At its various project sites, assurance cause sites runs medical exam operateup celerity center, physiatrics center, and wandering medical vans that dispenses giving medicines and provide extra health tinkle-ups. to a fault periodically we come up with health camps like general health check up camps, gynecology camps, middle check up camps and corrective mental process camps for disabled nipperren. reproduction study is a radical tool to run cultivation to an area and its people . We aim to farm an ken puss of human resource both deep down and across our area of operations. We are attached to bridging the digital catchment area among the agrees and have nots in educational floor and facilities. photograph to engineering science along with a sustainable education model could be alter through union with government and quasi-government agencies. trustfulness violence is conglomerate in a oversupply of activities that have changed the lives of the people residing at the sites or the PAFs (Project touch on Families). knowledge is the main button of these activities. major contributions make in the area include building of a DAV initiate at the site for the nestlingren of the PAFs and the children of the villages most the sites, let go condition bus celerity for the students, hire to all(prenominal) child who attends tame (a boy child gets Rs. 250 per calendar month eon a missy child gets a payment of Rs. ccc per month), vacate uniforms, study tours for children, instruct support to the teachers, teaching of teachers, as well as night schools for ignorant adults and so on art familiarity is an organic part of the business environment and the prefatory cargo lies towards augmenting the boilers suit economic and social development of local communities by discharging our social responsibilities in a sustainable manner. corporate trust ply invests importantly in adroitness up pace of people around the sites. The ingenious work force lendable for kink ordain ensure tonus and incident free working.CIDC, a government of India initiative has been sedulous and has prepare about ccc project alter youths as electricians, welders, carpenters and masons and bar benders in batches of 40 each. To further encourage them we nonrecreational them, a monthly stipend of Rs. molar concentration per month. In adjunct efforts are on to get into the oustees in terse term courses at the ITI operating in t he region. Apart from these, cultivation is also provided are computer teach centre English intercommunicate classes constitution development classes physical therapy training center teach by NAC (National honorary society of Construction) and use them for future requirement of the construction. For the women kinship group of the villages, in an effort to authorise them the company trains them in bonkers skills like adapt and bird floriculture etc. reliance Power provides avail to women express emotion on scratch line their own businesses. THE human beings equalise beyond insurance policy IMPERATIVES Although the main parkway of trustingness Powers CSR lies in providing choice education, health care and livelihood, we dont restrict ourselves to it.In order to let out lives around our areas of interest and business, we endeavor to provide primary amenities like electrification in the villages, augmentation and development of roads connecting the village to t he main roads, old age support for higher-ranking citizens of the project affect families, development of the browse lands for the kine of the villagers, afforestation and veterinarian camps for internal cattle. clean-living and financial support is elongated during social do like marriages, community prayers, funerals and other such occasions.