Hunter-gather to settled community Essay

Growth of existing transaction routes Silk Roads, Mediterranean Sea, Trans-Saharan, Indian nauticaldue to innovations and technology (caravans, compass, larger ships, credit) The rise of vernal trade routes focalisation on Mesoamerica and the Andes Commercial growth due to new trading organizations (Hanseatic League), and suppose practices (minting of coins, paper money) and assign-sponsored commercial infrastructures such as the Grand Canal of chinaware Trans-Eurasian trade as a result of the expanding upon of empire (china, elusive Empire, Muslim caliphates, Mongols) Cross- Cultural exchanges through existing or new networks of trade and communication.The diffusion of cultural, scientific and technological traditions and new food crops, agricultural techniques, and epidemic diseases (including the Black Death) along east Hemisphere trade routes Byzantine Empire, Chinese dynasties, Islamic states, Mongol Khanates, and feudalism in atomic number 63 and Japan The expansion of state systems in the Americas Mayan city states, Mexica (Aztecs), Inca Technological and cultural transfer betwixt states and empires, including tang China and the Abbasids, crossways the Mongol Empires,and during the Crusades Increased agricultural and industrial production in many regions due to technological innovations (such as Chinmpa(floating plants in the water) field systems) the expansions of textile, porcelain, iron and exports from china, Persia and IndiaRevival of urban centers, the rise of commerce and hummer temperatures between 800 and 1300 rising agricultural productivity and population, and the greater availability of labor. alter forms of labor organization free peasant agriculture, guild organization, several forms of coerced and servile(prenominal) labor (serfdom, mita, slavery)The spread and diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neoconfucianism, and corresponding changes in gender dealings and family structure.Intensification of existing region al trade networks, bringing prosperity and economic flutter ot the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and overland Eurasia.European synthesis of technological developments establish on knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds resulting in new tools, ship designs, and understanding of global wind and current patterns.New transoceanic maritime reconnaissance Zheng He in the Indian Ocean, Portuguese in West Africa, Spanish voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific, European searches for multiple routes to Asia across the North AtlanticA new global circulation of goods driven by mercantilist European monarchies, with worldwide circulation of silver from the Americas, colonial joint-stock companies, and the use of free and slaveholding laborers mixing African, American, and European cultures and peoplesThe Columbian Exchange of diseases, foods, and domesticated animals betweenEastern and Western hemispheres, with subsequent population incr ease in Afro-Eurasia but endemical population loss, deforestation, and soil depletion in the AmericasWorldwide innovations in visual and performing arts, such as the Renaissance in Europe (with its accompanying expansion of literacy)A growing global demand for raw materials and finished products, resulting at heart Africa and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and the Americas and a range of coerced labor in American colonial economies (indentured servitude, encomienda system)The formation of new political and economic elites as a result of imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities, such as the Manchus in China and creole elites in Spanish America displace power of existing elites such as the nobility in Europe and daimyo in Japan, as a reult of increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders sex activity and family restructuring demographic changes in Arica resulting from the slave trades, the trade relationships of Southeast Asian women and Eu ropean men, and the smaller size of European familiesMassive demographic changes in the Americas resulting in new ethnic and racial classifications (mestizo, mulatto, creole)Use of a variety of methods by rulers to legitimize, consolidate, and centralize power including monumental architecture, urban design, religious ideas (European divine right, Aztec kind sacrifice, Songhay promotion of Islam), differential treatment of ethnic and religious groups (Ottoman treatment of non-Muslims), recruitment of bureaucratic elites and military professionals (Ottoman devshirme, Chinese examination system, samurai), tribute collection, and tax realmIncreased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish largeempires in both hemispheres European trading- post empires in Africa and Asia land empires in China, India, the in-between East, and Eurasia (Manchus, Mughals, Ottomans, Russians) Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British maritime empires in the AmericasCompetition over trade routes (Caribbean piracy), state rivalries (Thirty Years War), and local resistance (samurai revolts) challenged state consolidation and expansion